Articles on machine learning in trading

icon

Creating AI-based trading robots: native integration with Python, matrices and vectors, math and statistics libraries and much more.

Find out how to use machine learning in trading. Neurons, perceptrons, convolutional and recurrent networks, predictive models — start with the basics and work your way up to developing your own AI. You will learn how to train and apply neural networks for algorithmic trading in financial markets.

Add a new article
latest | best
preview
Ensemble methods to enhance classification tasks in MQL5

Ensemble methods to enhance classification tasks in MQL5

In this article, we present the implementation of several ensemble classifiers in MQL5 and discuss their efficacy in varying situations.
preview
An Introduction to the Study of Fractal Market Structures Using Machine Learning

An Introduction to the Study of Fractal Market Structures Using Machine Learning

The article attempts to examine financial time series from the perspective of self-similar fractal structures. Since we have too many analogies that confirm the possibility of considering market quotes as self-similar fractals, this allows us to think about the forecasting horizons of such structures.
preview
Analyzing weather impact on currencies of agricultural countries using Python

Analyzing weather impact on currencies of agricultural countries using Python

What is the relationship between weather and Forex? Classical economic theory has long ignored the influence of such factors as weather on market behavior. But everything has changed. Let's try to find connections between the weather conditions and the position of agricultural currencies on the market.
preview
Neural Networks in Trading: Reducing Memory Consumption with Adam-mini Optimization

Neural Networks in Trading: Reducing Memory Consumption with Adam-mini Optimization

One of the directions for increasing the efficiency of the model training and convergence process is the improvement of optimization methods. Adam-mini is an adaptive optimization method designed to improve on the basic Adam algorithm.
preview
Neuroboids Optimization Algorithm 2 (NOA2)

Neuroboids Optimization Algorithm 2 (NOA2)

The new proprietary optimization algorithm NOA2 (Neuroboids Optimization Algorithm 2) combines the principles of swarm intelligence with neural control. NOA2 combines the mechanics of a neuroboid swarm with an adaptive neural system that allows agents to self-correct their behavior while searching for the optimum. The algorithm is under active development and demonstrates potential for solving complex optimization problems.
preview
MQL5 Wizard Techniques you should know (Part 47): Reinforcement Learning with Temporal Difference

MQL5 Wizard Techniques you should know (Part 47): Reinforcement Learning with Temporal Difference

Temporal Difference is another algorithm in reinforcement learning that updates Q-Values basing on the difference between predicted and actual rewards during agent training. It specifically dwells on updating Q-Values without minding their state-action pairing. We therefore look to see how to apply this, as we have with previous articles, in a wizard assembled Expert Advisor.
preview
Bivariate Copulae in MQL5 (Part 1): Implementing Gaussian and Student's t-Copulae for Dependency Modeling

Bivariate Copulae in MQL5 (Part 1): Implementing Gaussian and Student's t-Copulae for Dependency Modeling

This is the first part of an article series presenting the implementation of bivariate copulae in MQL5. This article presents code implementing Gaussian and Student's t-copulae. It also delves into the fundamentals of statistical copulae and related topics. The code is based on the Arbitragelab Python package by Hudson and Thames.
preview
MQL5 Wizard Techniques you should know (Part 54): Reinforcement Learning with hybrid SAC and Tensors

MQL5 Wizard Techniques you should know (Part 54): Reinforcement Learning with hybrid SAC and Tensors

Soft Actor Critic is a Reinforcement Learning algorithm that we looked at in a previous article, where we also introduced python and ONNX to these series as efficient approaches to training networks. We revisit the algorithm with the aim of exploiting tensors, computational graphs that are often exploited in Python.
preview
MQL5 Wizard Techniques you should know (14): Multi Objective Timeseries Forecasting with STF

MQL5 Wizard Techniques you should know (14): Multi Objective Timeseries Forecasting with STF

Spatial Temporal Fusion which is using both ‘space’ and time metrics in modelling data is primarily useful in remote-sensing, and a host of other visual based activities in gaining a better understanding of our surroundings. Thanks to a published paper, we take a novel approach in using it by examining its potential to traders.
preview
Role of random number generator quality in the efficiency of optimization algorithms

Role of random number generator quality in the efficiency of optimization algorithms

In this article, we will look at the Mersenne Twister random number generator and compare it with the standard one in MQL5. We will also find out the influence of the random number generator quality on the results of optimization algorithms.
preview
Population optimization algorithms: Evolution of Social Groups (ESG)

Population optimization algorithms: Evolution of Social Groups (ESG)

We will consider the principle of constructing multi-population algorithms. As an example of this type of algorithm, we will have a look at the new custom algorithm - Evolution of Social Groups (ESG). We will analyze the basic concepts, population interaction mechanisms and advantages of this algorithm, as well as examine its performance in optimization problems.
preview
Integrating MQL5 with Data Processing Packages (Part 8): Using Graph Neural Networks for Liquidity Zone Recognition

Integrating MQL5 with Data Processing Packages (Part 8): Using Graph Neural Networks for Liquidity Zone Recognition

This article shows how to represent market structure as a graph in MQL5, turning swing highs/lows into nodes with features and linking them by edges. It trains a Graph Neural Network to score potential liquidity zones, exports the model to ONNX, and runs real-time inference in an Expert Advisor. Readers learn how to build the data pipeline, integrate the model, visualize zones on the chart, and use the signals for rule-based execution.
preview
Example of Causality Network Analysis (CNA) and Vector Auto-Regression Model for Market Event Prediction

Example of Causality Network Analysis (CNA) and Vector Auto-Regression Model for Market Event Prediction

This article presents a comprehensive guide to implementing a sophisticated trading system using Causality Network Analysis (CNA) and Vector Autoregression (VAR) in MQL5. It covers the theoretical background of these methods, provides detailed explanations of key functions in the trading algorithm, and includes example code for implementation.
preview
MQL5 Wizard Techniques you should know (Part 20): Symbolic Regression

MQL5 Wizard Techniques you should know (Part 20): Symbolic Regression

Symbolic Regression is a form of regression that starts with minimal to no assumptions on what the underlying model that maps the sets of data under study would look like. Even though it can be implemented by Bayesian Methods or Neural Networks, we look at how an implementation with Genetic Algorithms can help customize an expert signal class usable in the MQL5 wizard.
preview
Overcoming The Limitation of Machine Learning (Part 4): Overcoming Irreducible Error Using Multiple Forecast Horizons

Overcoming The Limitation of Machine Learning (Part 4): Overcoming Irreducible Error Using Multiple Forecast Horizons

Machine learning is often viewed through statistical or linear algebraic lenses, but this article emphasizes a geometric perspective of model predictions. It demonstrates that models do not truly approximate the target but rather map it onto a new coordinate system, creating an inherent misalignment that results in irreducible error. The article proposes that multi-step predictions, comparing the model’s forecasts across different horizons, offer a more effective approach than direct comparisons with the target. By applying this method to a trading model, the article demonstrates significant improvements in profitability and accuracy without changing the underlying model.
preview
Population optimization algorithms: Charged System Search (CSS) algorithm

Population optimization algorithms: Charged System Search (CSS) algorithm

In this article, we will consider another optimization algorithm inspired by inanimate nature - Charged System Search (CSS) algorithm. The purpose of this article is to present a new optimization algorithm based on the principles of physics and mechanics.
preview
Bacterial Chemotaxis Optimization (BCO)

Bacterial Chemotaxis Optimization (BCO)

The article presents the original version of the Bacterial Chemotaxis Optimization (BCO) algorithm and its modified version. We will take a closer look at all the differences, with a special focus on the new version of BCOm, which simplifies the bacterial movement mechanism, reduces the dependence on positional history, and uses simpler math than the computationally heavy original version. We will also conduct the tests and summarize the results.
preview
Neural Networks in Trading: Skill Hierarchy for Adaptive Agent Behavior (Final Part)

Neural Networks in Trading: Skill Hierarchy for Adaptive Agent Behavior (Final Part)

The article discusses the practical implementation of the HiSSD framework in algorithmic trading tasks. It explains how the skill hierarchy and adaptive architecture can be used to build sustainable trading strategies.
preview
Neuroboids Optimization Algorithm (NOA)

Neuroboids Optimization Algorithm (NOA)

A new bioinspired optimization metaheuristic, NOA (Neuroboids Optimization Algorithm), combines the principles of collective intelligence and neural networks. Unlike conventional methods, the algorithm uses a population of self-learning "neuroboids", each with its own neural network that adapts its search strategy in real time. The article reveals the architecture of the algorithm, the mechanisms of self-learning of agents, and the prospects for applying this hybrid approach to complex optimization problems.
preview
MQL5 Wizard Techniques you should know (Part 60): Inference Learning (Wasserstein-VAE) with Moving Average and Stochastic Oscillator Patterns

MQL5 Wizard Techniques you should know (Part 60): Inference Learning (Wasserstein-VAE) with Moving Average and Stochastic Oscillator Patterns

We wrap our look into the complementary pairing of the MA & Stochastic oscillator by examining what role inference-learning can play in a post supervised-learning & reinforcement-learning situation. There are clearly a multitude of ways one can choose to go about inference learning in this case, our approach, however, is to use variational auto encoders. We explore this in python before exporting our trained model by ONNX for use in a wizard assembled Expert Advisor in MetaTrader.
preview
Neural Networks in Trading: Two-Dimensional Connection Space Models (Chimera)

Neural Networks in Trading: Two-Dimensional Connection Space Models (Chimera)

In this article, we will explore the innovative Chimera framework: a two-dimensional state-space model that uses neural networks to analyze multivariate time series. This method offers high accuracy with low computational cost, outperforming traditional approaches and Transformer architectures.
preview
Neural networks made easy (Part 63): Unsupervised Pretraining for Decision Transformer (PDT)

Neural networks made easy (Part 63): Unsupervised Pretraining for Decision Transformer (PDT)

We continue to discuss the family of Decision Transformer methods. From previous article, we have already noticed that training the transformer underlying the architecture of these methods is a rather complex task and requires a large labeled dataset for training. In this article we will look at an algorithm for using unlabeled trajectories for preliminary model training.
preview
Population optimization algorithms: Binary Genetic Algorithm (BGA). Part I

Population optimization algorithms: Binary Genetic Algorithm (BGA). Part I

In this article, we will explore various methods used in binary genetic and other population algorithms. We will look at the main components of the algorithm, such as selection, crossover and mutation, and their impact on the optimization. In addition, we will study data presentation methods and their impact on optimization results.
preview
Gating mechanisms in ensemble learning

Gating mechanisms in ensemble learning

In this article, we continue our exploration of ensemble models by discussing the concept of gates, specifically how they may be useful in combining model outputs to enhance either prediction accuracy or model generalization.
preview
Population optimization algorithms: Artificial Multi-Social Search Objects (MSO)

Population optimization algorithms: Artificial Multi-Social Search Objects (MSO)

This is a continuation of the previous article considering the idea of social groups. The article explores the evolution of social groups using movement and memory algorithms. The results will help to understand the evolution of social systems and apply them in optimization and search for solutions.
preview
MQL5 Wizard Techniques you should know (Part 81):  Using Patterns of Ichimoku and the ADX-Wilder with Beta VAE Inference Learning

MQL5 Wizard Techniques you should know (Part 81): Using Patterns of Ichimoku and the ADX-Wilder with Beta VAE Inference Learning

This piece follows up ‘Part-80’, where we examined the pairing of Ichimoku and the ADX under a Reinforcement Learning framework. We now shift focus to Inference Learning. Ichimoku and ADX are complimentary as already covered, however we are going to revisit the conclusions of the last article related to pipeline use. For our inference learning, we are using the Beta algorithm of a Variational Auto Encoder. We also stick with the implementation of a custom signal class designed for integration with the MQL5 Wizard.
preview
MQL5 Wizard Techniques you should know (Part 35): Support Vector Regression

MQL5 Wizard Techniques you should know (Part 35): Support Vector Regression

Support Vector Regression is an idealistic way of finding a function or ‘hyper-plane’ that best describes the relationship between two sets of data. We attempt to exploit this in time series forecasting within custom classes of the MQL5 wizard.
preview
Eigenvectors and eigenvalues: Exploratory data analysis in MetaTrader 5

Eigenvectors and eigenvalues: Exploratory data analysis in MetaTrader 5

In this article we explore different ways in which the eigenvectors and eigenvalues can be applied in exploratory data analysis to reveal unique relationships in data.
preview
Quantization in machine learning (Part 2): Data preprocessing, table selection, training CatBoost models

Quantization in machine learning (Part 2): Data preprocessing, table selection, training CatBoost models

The article considers the practical application of quantization in the construction of tree models. The methods for selecting quantum tables and data preprocessing are considered. No complex mathematical equations are used.
preview
Analyzing binary code of prices on the exchange (Part I): A new look at technical analysis

Analyzing binary code of prices on the exchange (Part I): A new look at technical analysis

This article presents an innovative approach to technical analysis based on converting price movements into binary code. The author demonstrates how various aspects of market behavior — from simple price movements to complex patterns — can be encoded in a sequence of zeros and ones.
preview
Extremal Optimization (EO)

Extremal Optimization (EO)

The article discusses the Extremal Optimization (EO) algorithm, an optimization method inspired by the Bak-Sneppen self-organized criticality model, where evolution occurs through the elimination of the worst-case components of the system. The modified population version of the algorithm demonstrates a shift away from theoretical principles in favor of practical efficiency, leading to the creation of powerful computational tools.
preview
MQL5 Wizard Techniques you should know (Part 87): Volatility-Scaled Money Management with Monotonic Queue in MQL5

MQL5 Wizard Techniques you should know (Part 87): Volatility-Scaled Money Management with Monotonic Queue in MQL5

This article presents a custom MQL5 money management class that adapts position sizing to real-time volatility using a monotonic queue for O(N) sliding-window extremes. The class applies inverse volatility scaling and optionally validates risk with an RBF network. We show implementation details in the Optimize method and compare results with the inbuilt Size-Optimized class to assess latency and risk control benefits.
preview
Population optimization algorithms: Micro Artificial immune system (Micro-AIS)

Population optimization algorithms: Micro Artificial immune system (Micro-AIS)

The article considers an optimization method based on the principles of the body's immune system - Micro Artificial Immune System (Micro-AIS) - a modification of AIS. Micro-AIS uses a simpler model of the immune system and simple immune information processing operations. The article also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of Micro-AIS compared to conventional AIS.
preview
Artificial Showering Algorithm (ASHA)

Artificial Showering Algorithm (ASHA)

The article presents the Artificial Showering Algorithm (ASHA), a new metaheuristic method developed for solving general optimization problems. Based on simulation of water flow and accumulation processes, this algorithm constructs the concept of an ideal field, in which each unit of resource (water) is called upon to find an optimal solution. We will find out how ASHA adapts flow and accumulation principles to efficiently allocate resources in a search space, and see its implementation and test results.
preview
MQL5 Wizard Techniques you should know (Part 18): Neural Architecture Search with Eigen Vectors

MQL5 Wizard Techniques you should know (Part 18): Neural Architecture Search with Eigen Vectors

Neural Architecture Search, an automated approach at determining the ideal neural network settings can be a plus when facing many options and large test data sets. We examine how when paired Eigen Vectors this process can be made even more efficient.
preview
Deterministic Oscillatory Search (DOS)

Deterministic Oscillatory Search (DOS)

Deterministic Oscillatory Search (DOS) algorithm is an innovative global optimization method that combines the advantages of gradient and swarm algorithms without the use of random numbers. The fitness oscillation and slope mechanism allows DOS to explore complex search spaces in a deterministic manner.
preview
The Disagreement Problem: Diving Deeper into The Complexity Explainability in AI

The Disagreement Problem: Diving Deeper into The Complexity Explainability in AI

In this article, we explore the challenge of understanding how AI works. AI models often make decisions in ways that are hard to explain, leading to what's known as the "disagreement problem". This issue is key to making AI more transparent and trustworthy.
preview
Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA): From AOA to SOA (Simple Optimization Algorithm)

Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA): From AOA to SOA (Simple Optimization Algorithm)

In this article, we present the Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA) based on simple arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. These basic mathematical operations serve as the foundation for finding optimal solutions to various problems.
preview
Detecting and Classifying Fractal Patterns Using Machine Learning

Detecting and Classifying Fractal Patterns Using Machine Learning

In this article, we will touch upon the intriguing topic of fractal analysis and market forecasting using machine learning. These are just the first steps towards exploring the diverse fractal structures that form on financial price charts. We will use the correlation to find patterns and the CatBoost algorithm to classify these patterns.
preview
Neuro-Structural Trading Engine — NSTE (Part II): Jardine's Gate Six-Gate Quantum Filter

Neuro-Structural Trading Engine — NSTE (Part II): Jardine's Gate Six-Gate Quantum Filter

This article introduces Jardine's Gate, a six-gate orthogonal signal filter for MetaTrader 5 that validates LSTM predictions across entropy, expert interference, confidence, regime-adjusted probability, trend direction, and consecutive-loss kill switch dimensions. Out of 43,200 raw signals per month, only 127 pass all six gates. Readers get the complete QuantumEdgeFilter MQL5 class, threshold calibration logic, and gate performance analytics.