The future of the Forex industry - page 141
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And Graeber has nothing to do with it, just like A.Smith. There are two theories of the origin of money. To me the theory through taxes makes more sense than through substitution of commodity exchange in the tribes. shells prove nothing. But today's pristine tribes in the Brazilian forests do. They have no money! And wedding/funeral debts arise. And the book is well written)
Now would put Graeber's shenanigans on a par with Smith's!
Are you out of your mind? 😀
Brazilian tribes haven't grown up with money and what does that prove?
That they have no natural exchange?
Where do the Pirahas get their T-shirts and jeans from, eh?
Shells don't prove anything? 😣
Or maybe the earth is also flat?
I sincerely feel sorry for you...
Learn to read normal literature and not Kramolu stuff...
Well here at least start with Spassky I.G. "Russian Coin System". Л., 1962
Hospada... Where do you come from the forest or what?
Cypraea moneta (kauri) shells were repeatedly found in the archaeological complexes of northwestern Russia in the XII-XIII centuries, including the Novgorod and Pskov excavations, as well as in earlier archaeological finds. In the funerary complexes of the Pskov land they occupy the place of kun coins; in some cases they have even been found as a kind of hoard. In northeastern Europe and in Rus some specimens were found even in the hoards of Kufic and Western European coins. These graceful small shells the size of a small plum have been transported over enormous distances from the islands of the Indian Ocean, where there are their deposits, to Africa, Asia, and Europe; the Antique world and the Northern Black Sea coast have known them for millennia. In Africa and Asia they are known to have been a means of payment for thousands of years. Archaeologists and ethnographers know them in Siberia and the middle and upper Volga region. In Russia, they retained their commodity value longest in the Siberian trade - until the early 19th century, but it is difficult to say how early Russian merchants took over the supply of the peoples of Siberia with this traditional commodity.
The Russian people knew these miniature shells well; otherwise, they would not have created so many regional names for them-uzhovka, zhukovina, zhernovok (millstones) and one of the most common-snake head. It is easy to note that all these names are figurative and identify the subject only associatively. There is reason to see the same figurative nature in the Old Russian terms of interest to us, which have reached us in Russian, Latin and French, and to raise a question about the payment role of kauri in the non-monetary circulation period of the northwest Russia.
Mr. Valeriy Yastremskiy, you publicly sat in a puddle... again...
Nothing YOU "dreamer" have understood.
You have a good tongue, but your head is a mess.
I'm not a socialist or a communist. I was even enrolled in the Komsomol when I was 19. There was a demonstration battalion and I wasn't a Komsomol member. They signed me up as a Komsomol member. They said you would.) I didn't give a damn, I'm not an ideologue.
===
Every new robot frees up workers. Workers are sent out of the factory gates. The amount of production goes up and the purchasing power of the population goes down. All the workers are out of the gates))
Soon your robots will be selling goods to other robots, or maybe aliens???))
Look a little wider,"dreamer". Better yet, "drink the sea."
It is perhaps no surprise to anyone that the products of marine life have been objects of exchange or trade since ancient times. But interestingly enough, some marine animals have been used as real money. Mostly molluscs have been "lucky" to become money. At one time, shell money was exceptionally widespread, and its variety is not much inferior to metal money. Experts count up to 200 species of shellfish, whose shells served as money.
Probably the most common shell money was kauri. This Old Indian name unites two species of gastropod mollusks: Cipreja moneta and Cipreja annulus, which are very common in the Indian and Pacific oceans. Their small, tough, shiny shells are ideal for serving as change deposits. The Chinese were the first to use cowries as money three and a half thousand years ago. In time, kauri were superseded by copper coins in China, but they survived in Yunnan province until the late 19th century.
From China kauri spread to Korea, Japan, India, Thailand and the Philippine Islands. In India they came into use more than two thousand years ago; they reached their greatest spread in the IV-VI centuries and were in circulation till the mid XIX century. In Philippines they were superseded by copper coins by 1800.
Arab and then Venetian merchants brought cowries by caravan routes to a big African trade centre in Tombouctou on the Niger River, where the beautiful shells of the zither coin soon became a means of payment. The impetus for the rapid spread of kauri to Africa was the development of the slave trade in the early 16th century, when large numbers of slaves were urgently needed for the American sugar plantations. Portuguese, Dutch and English merchants bought kauri off the coast of India, transported them to Guinea, where they sold them for double or triple the price. With the proceeds, they bought slaves and transported them to America, where they made even greater profit.
In the mid-19th century, French and Hamburg merchants began to trade in Cipreya annulus shells in Guinea with great success. The kauri trade in Central and West Africa reached enormous proportions. According to the records in the merchants' trade books, no less than 75 billion shells, weighing a total of 115,000 tons, were imported into West Africa in the 19th century alone! The constant importation of 'currency' naturally devalued the once expensive shell money. Nevertheless, it was still in circulation in remote areas of the region for several decades.
It is interesting that shell money was not only an indigenous means of payment. Albeit in small quantities, cowries were used as money in Central Asia and even in Europe. In Azerbaijan, kauri were used as money until the 17th century. In Russia, during the XII-XIV centuries, in the so-called non-monetary period, kauri were money under the name of uzhovok, millstones, or snake heads. They are still found during excavations in Novgorod and Pskov lands in the form of hoards and in burials.
Mr. Valeriy Yastremskiy, you should be ashamed, very ashamed.
It's not scary)
It's not scary!
It's the worst nightmare, because you have to go to a real fucking factory.
Since falsehood and truth refer to the subject reflecting on it, I think that if one believes a lie, it is the truth. And a lie in need of salvation is the truth. And lying for a good joke is also the truth :))
That's a good way out, just a great way out.
Nothing YOU "dreamer" have understood.
You have a good tongue, but your head is a mess.
I'm not a socialist or a communist. I was even enrolled in the Komsomol when I was 19. There was a demonstration battalion and I wasn't a Komsomol member. They signed me up as a Komsomol member. They said you would.) I didn't give a damn, I don't have any ideas.
Oh well, what is there to understand about you? - With you everything is clear as 5 kopecks.
It's not about technicalities, it's about substance:
You're a zealous defender of social values and everyone can see it.
Just like Khorosh who denies being a socialist. 😁
The question is why do you do it? - The obvious answer is because you associate yourself with a lower social stratum.
Here you go again with your crazy...
What parts?
What are you talking about?
😁😂🤣
You're completely out of your mind with resentment.
Maybe you got me confused with Khorosh's nephew.
When you read the forum look who's writing at least and don't embarrass yourself like that anymore.
Every new robot frees up workers' hands. Workers are sent out of the factory gates. The amount of production goes up and the purchasing power of the population goes down. All the workers are out of the gate))
So what? - Let them go and learn to be more useful to society.
The Luddites in 1812 were just as offended that they were no longer needed.
So you're talking like a Luddite.
What's the point of not adopting technology now?
Uladzimir Izerski:
Soon your robots will be selling goods to other robots, or maybe aliens?)
Look a little wider,"dreamer". Better yet, "drink the sea."
Like that's a bad thing?
Do you have a problem with robots?
Or maybe you're a technophobe?
Answer about the sea:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vs0KjlBnm9o