A topic for traders. - page 235
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Well, animals have their own hierarchies... unevenness is everywhere in nature... a common phenomenon... distribution of income and wealth is no exception...
Technological structure is really unrelated to the political structure, the state always uses the technological level that is available at a given stage. But the quality of governance is highly dependent on the level of technology. For example, we were talking about writing and its role in the state. As soon as the politogenesis reaches a level of maturity, it borrows sharply from any available writing, otherwise the polity becomes impossible to manage resources, to send orders, to control execution, to do the paperwork. Only at the earliest primitive level could a sovereign personally travel around his lands and sort things out. There were isolated examples when the politogenesis was ahead of technological/scientific possibilities, e.g. the proto-states of the Ynglings hardly used runes for the purposes of state, but later on reaching maturity they borrowed the whole state experience, the whole package, and started to use Latin. Only at the early stage of the tribal-state the existence of a state without writing is possible, and as soon as the administrative and communal structure appears there is a need for an efficient communication. Or the supra-structure can be in the form of a military hierarchy like the Vikings came to Russia, but it too would eventually require borrowing from more civilised neighbours.
This is all very important for trading.
There is an amazing example described by Herodotus, when illiterate Scythians sent a message to the king Darius, unable to write, they sent him the following things: a bird, a mouse, a frog and some arrows - which should have been deciphered as an ultimatum "go away", and Darius first thought that they agreed to accept his power. One can imagine what level of "governance" the Scythians had at the time with such communications.
Quality of life also depends on technology to a much greater extent than on political system, but as we well know, an ineffective system leads to retardation and backwardness, and as a consequence - to the backwardness of the standard of living. The winners are the countries and nations that are able to create an efficient environment for competition and stimulate individual development.
Not all animals and insects, rabbits foxes mosquitoes without hierarchies, but humans always do. The properties of a member/individual of a multitude/society determine its structure, because the laws of interaction are formed within the multitude. So the state of a society depends directly on the upbringing of its members))))
Yes, the quality of governance and not only depends on the development of technology. Therefore this factor determines) And the inhibition of acceleration from forms of management is critical only in rare situations. Unfortunately it applies only to the standard of living, not happiness))))
And of course there is a feedback, it's about an effective environment)))
Everything is important for trading!
Well, animals have their own hierarchies... unevenness is everywhere in nature... a common phenomenon... distribution of income and wealth is no exception...
Technological structure is really unrelated to the political structure, the state always uses the technological level that is available at a given stage. But the quality of governance is highly dependent on the level of technology. For example, we were talking about writing and its role in the state. As soon as the politogenesis reaches a level of maturity, it borrows sharply from any available writing, otherwise the polity becomes impossible to manage resources, to send orders, to control execution, to do the paperwork. Only at the earliest primitive level can a sovereign personally travel around his lands and settle. There were isolated examples when the politogenesis was ahead of technological/scientific possibilities, e.g. the proto-states of the Ynglings hardly used runes for the purposes of state, but later on reaching maturity they borrowed the whole state experience, the whole package, and started to use Latin. Only at the early stage of the tribal-state the existence of a state without writing is possible, and as soon as the administrative and communal structure appears there is a need for an efficient communication. Or the supra-structure can be in the form of a military hierarchy like the Vikings came to Russia, but it too would eventually require borrowing from more civilised neighbours.
This is all very important for trading.
There is an amazing example described by Herodotus, when illiterate Scythians sent a message to the king Darius, not being able to write, they sent him the following things: a bird, a mouse, a frog and some arrows - which should have been deciphered as an ultimatum "go away", and Darius thought at first that they agreed to accept his power. One can imagine what level of "governance" the Scythians had at the time with such communications.
Quality of life also depends on technology to a much greater extent than on political system, but as we well know, an ineffective system leads to retardation and backwardness, and as a consequence - to the backwardness of the standard of living. The winners are the countries and nations that are able to create an efficient environment for competition and stimulate individual development.
about writings and (proto-)states: the earliest written sources and the biggest mass are orders and reports... suddenly it is not poems and religious hymns but stupid bureaucracy...:-) if a stone with incomprehensible writings is found then with 80-90% probability it is "an order to the rank and file from a comrade general" or a receipt for debt.
OK, you have a field, grow wheat there, and decide to build a mill, invite workers, the efficiency of your farm has increased, you appropriate the profits from the sale of the flour... Norm?
Will you increase the workers' pay to your own level out of a sense of charity?
In the field and in the mill are different types of work with their own pay. Perhaps with the mill would raise wages in the field to buy only my flour)))) Ford copyright))))
About writings and (proto-)states: the earliest written sources and the largest array are orders and reports... suddenly, not poems and religious hymns, but stupid bureaucracy...:-) if a stone with incomprehensible writing is found, it is 80-90% likely an "order to the rank and file from a comrade general" or a receipt for debt.
The oldest texts that have come down to us seem to be the Pyramid Texts. Naturally, on a religious, funeral theme.
It seems that the oldest texts that have come down to us are the Pyramid Texts. Naturally, on a religious, funeral theme.
Opinions are divided here. If it is a full-fledged writing, then, yes, the text is religious, but the first texts are debts, orders in the form of simple signs). Which became the basis for the writing.
And here they haven't even found writing, though the city)It seems that the oldest texts that have come down to us are the Pyramid Texts. Naturally, on a religious, funerary theme.
these are just famous and interesting. Religion, culture, esotericism, everything ... :-) the cuneiform ones are older, but they are grayish - how much grain they collected, why their troops failed to occupy an outpost, and so on. Greyness and boredom. To brighten up a little, they dilute it with a song about Gilgamesh.
these are just known and interesting. Religion, culture, esotericism, that sort of thing ... :-) the cuneiform ones are older, but they are grayer - how much grain was harvested, why the detachment did not occupy the outpost, and so on. Greyness and boredom. To brighten up a little bit a song about Gilgamesh.
The pyramid texts are about three thousand years BC. Cuneiform at this time was at the level of pictography - pictures with meaning rather than coherent text.
Obviously, economic records came before, but the oldest surviving coherent texts are religious.
The Sumerian cuneiform was long considered the earliest written language on Earth. As archaeology developed, it became clear that pictographic writing preceded it. In Sumer, for example, the finds of tablets with pictographic writing (for example, the tablet from Kish) which were strikingly similar to hieroglyphs of Ancient Egypt (and therefore had a common source) date back to the middle of the 4th millennium BC.
But in 1961 in Romania, near the village of Tarteriya three clay tablets with graphic writing of "Sumerian" type, dated by the middle of VI millennium BC, have been discovered. That is, they are older than the first material evidence of writing of Mesopotamia for at least 1000 years! The age of the tablets was established indirectly, through radiocarbon analysis of objects found with them in the same layer. Later, it became clear, that the Tarentaic script did not emerge from nothing, but was an integral part of the pictographic script of the Balkan Vinca culture (Danube proto-script), which spread from the middle of the 6th to the early 5th millennium BC. Presently, up to a thousand Vincentian cultural objects are known to have such pictographs scratched into them. The geography of the finds spans Serbia, western Romania and Bulgaria, Hungary, Moldavia, Macedonia and northern Greece. Despite being separated by hundreds of kilometres, the pictograms show remarkable similarities across the entire range of the Vinča culture.
A tablet from Dispilio contains similar symbols-signs. The radiocarbon analysis method dates the tablet to around 5260 B.C. It turns out that the pictographs of the Danube proto-script are the oldest form of writing in the world. In other words, the so-called "Old European script" existed on the continent not only long before the Minoan script, traditionally considered the first European script, but also before the Proto-Shumer and Proto-Chinese systems of writing. This system originated in the first half of the 6th millennium BC, spread between 5300-4300 and disappeared by 4000 BC. The set of symbols and totems not only strikingly coincides, but they are also located in the same sequence - on the surface areas divided by lines the symbols should be read in a counterclockwise circle.
So, the ancient inhabitants of the Balkans wrote "in Sumerian" as early as the Stone Age - in the 5th millennium BC, when Sumer itself was not even a thing! Distant echoes of Vinci-writing include pictographic writing of ancient Crete, which formed the basis for the oldest European Aegean script from the time of Minoan civilization (late III-early II thousand years BC). Based on this a number of researchers conclude that the primitive writing of the Aegean goes back to the Balkans of the IV millennium BC, and did not emerge under the influence of the distant Mesopotamia, as previously thought.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispilio_Tablet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_symbols
Upbringing, training, provision - it all costs money and a lot of it, all of a sudden. Who is going to just teach and retrain a poor vocational schoolboy or concrete mixer so that they can then earn a living for themselves and live decently? From which funds will it be financed?
In a welfare state, schooling should be free for all, and higher education should be free for those who pass stringent exams on a competitive basis. It is an important task of the state to provide opportunities for talented and gifted people from below to get higher education. Remember Lomonosov from the Pomor fishermen or Marshall Zhukov from the peasants. Failure to fulfil this task leads to the degradation of the elites, as only the not always bright children of rich parents who do not pass the competitive selection process end up there.