Close-Open A/D (CO A/D): A Cumulative Volume-Efficiency Line for Accumulation/Distribution Analysis CO A/D is a cumulative Accumulation/Distribution-style indicator built around a simple question On-Balance Volume and Chaikin A/D don't directly ask: how efficiently did each bar convert its own volume into open-to-close travel? Formula CO_raw = (Close − Open) / (High − Low) Volume = Log(TickVolume + 1) [or raw volume — selectable] CO A/D = Previous CO A/D + (CO_raw × Volume) Where OBV assigns ful