MQL5.community authorization fails only from my VPS (Sakura Internet, Japan)

I cannot log in to MQL5.community from MetaTrader 5 on my VPS, although the same account works on my home PC.

Journal on the VPS (every attempt, a few seconds after start):

MQL5.community authorization failed

MQL5 Market failed connect to server

MQL5 Market failed to load products

What I have checked:

- The same login and password work in MT5 on my home PC, where I use a Market product without problems.

- From the VPS, I can log in to www.mql5.com in a browser.

- Windows networking on the VPS is fine: an HTTPS request to www.mql5.com returns 200, and no proxy is set (WinHTTP or MT5).

- All IP-binding options in Profile > Settings > Security are disabled.

- Microsoft Edge WebView2 is installed.

- I cleared the Community folder and re-entered my credentials.

MQL5 VPS is not an option for me, because my broker requires a one-time password for MT5 logins.