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Object-oriented Programming in 7 minutes | Mosh
Object-oriented Programming in 7 minutes | Mosh
Object-oriented programming (OOP) revolutionized the way we approach software development by introducing four core concepts: encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism. These concepts provide a powerful and organized framework for designing and implementing complex systems.
Encapsulation is the practice of bundling related variables and functions into a unit called an object. By encapsulating data and the methods that operate on that data within an object, we create a self-contained entity with well-defined boundaries. For example, a car object may have properties such as make, model, and color, as well as methods like start, stop, and move. This encapsulation allows us to manipulate and interact with the car object as a single entity, hiding the internal implementation details from the outside world. Encapsulation not only improves code organization but also enhances code reusability and maintainability.
Abstraction is the process of hiding complex implementation details and exposing only essential features or interfaces. It allows us to create simplified representations of real-world objects or concepts. Just like a DVD player abstracts its intricate internal logic behind a few buttons, objects in OOP can hide their inner workings while providing a clear and concise interface. By abstracting away complexity, we can reduce cognitive load and make our code more understandable. Furthermore, abstraction acts as a protective shield, isolating the impact of changes within an object and preventing unintended consequences on other parts of the codebase.
Inheritance is a mechanism that enables objects to inherit properties and behaviors from other objects. With inheritance, we can create a hierarchy of objects, where more specialized objects inherit characteristics from more generalized objects. This hierarchy promotes code reuse, as common attributes and methods can be defined in a base object and inherited by its subclasses. For instance, in the case of HTML elements, such as text boxes, drop-down lists, and checkboxes, they all share common properties like hidden and inner HTML, as well as methods like click and focus. Instead of duplicating these properties and methods in each HTML element, we can define them once in a generic object called HTML element and have the specific elements inherit from it. Inheritance eliminates redundancy, improves code maintainability, and allows for flexible and extensible code architectures.
Polymorphism, derived from the Greek words "poly" (many) and "morph" (form), refers to the ability of objects to take on multiple forms or behaviors. In OOP, polymorphism allows objects of different types to be treated as objects of a common type. This concept is achieved through method overriding and method overloading. Method overriding enables a subclass to provide its own implementation of a method inherited from its superclass. For example, different HTML elements may need to be rendered on a page, but each element has its unique rendering behavior. By implementing a render method in each object, we can achieve polymorphism and simplify the code, eliminating lengthy if-else or switch-case statements. Method overloading, on the other hand, allows multiple methods with the same name but different parameter lists to coexist within a class. Polymorphism enables code flexibility, enhances code readability, and promotes the principle of "programming to an interface" rather than to a specific implementation.
By leveraging encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism, object-oriented programming provides a structured approach to software development. It brings numerous benefits such as code organization, reusability, maintainability, modularity, and extensibility. Understanding and effectively applying these core concepts empower developers to build complex systems that are flexible, scalable, and easier to comprehend and maintain over time.
Intro to Object Oriented Programming - Crash Course
Intro to Object Oriented Programming - Crash Course
Welcome to an introduction to object-oriented programming. In this course, we will explore the concept of object-oriented programming and its four main principles. Prior programming knowledge is assumed, but if you're new to programming, we recommend watching our introduction to programming video, which is linked in the description.
Object-oriented programming allows us to group variables of similar types together, making it easier to manage complex programs. In the past, primitive data types like byte, int, float, double, boolean, and char were used to store single simple values. However, as programs grew more complex, programmers needed a way to group related variables together.
This led to the development of structures in C, which allowed the grouping of data of different types. Structures were an improvement over arrays, as they allowed the storage of diverse data. However, structures lacked the ability to define functions within them.
With the advent of object-oriented programming, objects were introduced. An object is an instance of a class, which serves as a template for objects. Objects can store data and define functions. The class defines the common attributes and behaviors of the objects, while objects represent specific instances with their own unique data.
Encapsulation is one of the main principles of object-oriented programming. It involves bundling data and methods within a class and hiding them from external access. Other classes can interact with the attributes of an object only through the class's methods, such as getter and setter methods. Encapsulation helps maintain control of data and reduces program complexity by preventing direct access to internal attributes.
Abstraction is another principle that focuses on showing essential details while hiding unnecessary complexities. In programming, this means defining interfaces for classes that allow communication between different sections of code. The exact implementation of methods is hidden within the class, and external classes only interact with the defined interface. This approach enables modular programming and facilitates collaboration among multiple programmers.
In the next sections, we will discuss the remaining principles of object-oriented programming: inheritance and polymorphism. These principles further enhance the flexibility and reusability of code in object-oriented programming.
That's it for the introduction to object-oriented programming. Let's move on to the next section and explore encapsulation in more detail.
C++ OOP - Introduction to classes and objects for beginners
C++ OOP - Introduction to classes and objects for beginners
Welcome to my channel, everyone! I'm Saldina, and I create videos related to IT and programming. If you're interested in those topics, consider subscribing to my channel and giving this video a thumbs up.
In this video, I want to delve into the world of object-oriented programming (OOP). So, what exactly is object-oriented programming? OOP allows us to represent real-life objects in programming, complete with their attributes and behaviors.
Two fundamental concepts in OOP are classes and objects. Let's understand the difference between the two. A class serves as a template or blueprint, defining the structure and behavior of an object. On the other hand, an object is an instance of a class. To illustrate this, consider a class representing fruits, and objects of that class could be an apple, banana, or peach. Similarly, a class representing cars would have objects like Volvo, Ford, or BMW. Each class has attributes (properties) such as name, price, max speed, and color, as well as behaviors (methods) like drive, brake, and change color.
Now, let's create an example class called "YouTubeChannel." To create a class, we use the "class" keyword followed by the class name in curly brackets. We also need to make the members of the class accessible outside the class by using the "public" access modifier. In our YouTubeChannel class, we'll define attributes like the channel's name, owner's name, subscribers count, and a list of published video titles. To represent these attributes, we assign values to them. We create an object of the YouTubeChannel class and access its properties using the dot notation. For example, we can assign the name of the YouTube channel as "CodeBeauty" and the owner's name as "Saldina."
We can also set the subscribers count to 1800 and add three published video titles to the list. To display the information stored in these properties, we use "cout" to print them out. For the list of published video titles, which is a collection, we can iterate over it using a loop and print each video title. By running the program, we can see the output displaying the YouTube channel's details: the channel name, owner name, subscribers count, and the list of published video titles.
In future videos, we will cover topics like constructors and class methods, which provide more streamlined approaches to working with classes and objects.
I hope you enjoyed this video! If you found it helpful, please give it a thumbs up and consider subscribing to my channel by clicking the bell icon. Stay tuned for more exciting content. See you in the next video. Bye!
C++ OOP (2020) - What are constructors and class methods? How to use them?
C++ OOP (2020) - What are constructors and class methods? How to use them?
Hi everyone, welcome to my channel! I'm Saldina, and on this channel, I create programming-related videos. If that interests you, consider subscribing and giving this video a thumbs up. In this video, I want to talk about constructors and class methods.
In a previous tutorial, we wrote some code for a class called YouTubeChannel. It has four public properties: name, owner name, subscribers count, and a list of published video titles. We created an object of that class and assigned values to its properties. Now, let's address a problem with this approach. If we want to create another YouTube channel object, we would have to copy and paste the code and make changes accordingly. This violates the "Don't Repeat Yourself" principle. To solve this problem, we can use constructors and class methods.
A constructor is a special method that is invoked when an object is created. It has the same name as the class and doesn't have a return type. Let's create a constructor for the YouTubeChannel class. It will receive two parameters: name and owner name. Inside the constructor, we'll assign these parameters to the corresponding properties. After creating the constructor, we can use it to create objects by passing the required values. This eliminates the need to repeat the code for creating objects. We can also use class methods to avoid repeating code for displaying information about the channels.
Let's create a class method called getInfo that writes out the channel information. We can move the code for displaying the information into this method and use it for both objects. To invoke the getInfo method, we can call it on the object by using the object's name followed by a dot and the method name. This way, we can display the information for both channels without duplicating code.
By using constructors and class methods, we achieve cleaner and more efficient code. The main function becomes easier to read and maintain. Constructors handle the initialization of object properties, while class methods encapsulate common behaviors of the class.
I hope you found this video helpful. If you enjoyed it, please give it a thumbs up and subscribe to my channel. Don't forget to hit the bell icon to stay updated. I'll see you in my next video. Bye!
C++ OOP - What is encapsulation in programming?
C++ OOP - What is encapsulation in programming?
Hi, everyone! I'm Saldina, and welcome to my programming-related channel. If you're interested in programming, consider subscribing and giving this video a thumbs up. In this video, we'll discuss encapsulation.
First, let's quickly review the code from our previous videos. We have a YouTubeChannel class with public attributes: name, owner name, subscribers count, and a list of published video titles. We also have a YouTubeChannel constructor and a getInfo method.
Now, let's focus on encapsulation. The principle of encapsulation states that properties should be private, and their values should be accessed and modified through methods exposed by the class. This ensures controlled and proper data manipulation.To demonstrate the need for encapsulation, let's introduce a problem. Currently, we can directly assign a value to the subscribers count, which is not how subscribers should naturally increase or decrease. Instead, we should provide methods like subscribe and unsubscribe to control these changes.
To hide the properties from users, we'll make them private. By changing their access modifier to private, we restrict direct access to these properties. However, this generates errors as the private members are now inaccessible outside the class.To allow users to modify the subscribers count, we create two methods: subscribe and unsubscribe. The subscribe method increments the subscribers count, while the unsubscribe method decrements it. By using these methods, users can interact with the class and follow the rules defined by the methods.
We've encountered an issue in the unsubscribe method. It currently allows the count to become negative. To fix this, we need to add a check that ensures the count is greater than zero before decrementing it. Additionally, we have another private property, published video titles, that is inaccessible now. To provide access to this property, we'll create a method called publishVideo. This method takes a string parameter (the video title) and adds it to the list of published video titles using the push_back method.
Finally, we've exposed methods that allow users to interact with the class and manipulate the private properties. To further control access to the name and owner name properties, we can create getter and setter methods.
To summarize encapsulation:
If you have any code implementing getter and setter methods, feel free to share it in the comments section for review.
If you enjoyed this video, please give it a thumbs up, subscribe to my channel, and click the bell icon to receive notifications for future videos. Thanks for watching, and I'll see you in the next video! Bye!
C++ OOP - What is inheritance in programming?
C++ OOP - What is inheritance in programming?
Hey everyone, I'm Saldina, and I create programming-related videos. If you're interested in that, consider subscribing to my channel. Also, give this video a thumbs up. In this video, I want to discuss encapsulation.
I've written some code in previous videos of this course. If you haven't seen them, make sure to check them out. I'll provide links in the video description. Let me quickly go over the code to help you understand it. I've created a YouTubeChannel class with four public attributes: name, owner name, subscribers count, and a list of published video titles. The YouTubeChannel constructor and the getInfo method are also present. You can see the constructor code here.
In the main function, I've created an object of the YouTubeChannel class and assigned values for the name and owner name. I've also added three videos to the published video list. Finally, I've printed out information about the channel. Now, let's talk about encapsulation. This principle suggests that these properties should be private, not public. The data stored in these properties should only be modified through methods that you expose to the user. By following the rules of these methods, the user can change the property values.
Let's consider a problem to understand why we need encapsulation. What if I set the subscribers count of this YouTube channel to one million? This shouldn't be allowed. If I run the code, you'll see that the channel now has a million subscribers. However, gaining subscribers naturally requires users to invoke the subscribe and unsubscribe methods. By using these methods, the subscribers count is increased or decreased. To hide these properties from the user, we make them private instead of public. This means they can only be accessed within the class itself. To allow users to modify the subscribers count, we create two methods: subscribe and unsubscribe. The subscribe method increments the subscribers count, while the unsubscribe method decrements it.
To increase or decrease subscribers, we now have to invoke these methods. For example, youtubeChannel.subscribe() is used three times to simulate three subscriptions. If I invoke youtubeChannel.unsubscribe() and then call getInfo, you'll see that there are two subscribers.We also encounter a compile-time error because the published video titles property is now private and inaccessible. To solve this, we create a method called publishVideo, which adds a video title to the published video titles list. The method takes a title parameter, allowing the user to specify the video title. By invoking youtubeChannel.publishVideo("Title"), we add videos to the list.
In summary, encapsulation involves making properties private and providing public methods to modify them. Getter and setter methods can be used to access and change specific properties. Feel free to share your implementation of getter and setter methods in the comments for review.
If you found this video helpful, give it a thumbs up, subscribe to my channel, and click the bell icon. Stay tuned for more videos. See you next time! Bye!
C++ OOP - What is polymorphism in programming? (simple example)
C++ OOP - What is polymorphism in programming? (simple example)
Hi everyone, welcome to my channel. My name is Saldina, and I create IT and programming-related videos. If that interests you, consider subscribing to my channel and giving this video a thumbs up. In this particular video, I want to talk about polymorphism.
Polymorphism refers to the ability of an object to have multiple forms. This means that you can have two or more objects that inherit from the same base class. These objects can have a method with the same name but different implementations, resulting in different behaviors. Let's take a look at some code that we have written in my previous courses. I have created a class called "YouTubeChannel" with private properties such as name, subscriber count, and published video titles. It also has a protected property called "owner name." Additionally, there are public methods, a constructor, a "getInfo" method, and "subscribe/unsubscribe" methods.
Next, we have a specific type of YouTube channel called "CookingYouTubeChannel," which inherits from the base class. It has its own constructor and an additional method called "practice," which is specific to cooking channels. Now, I want to create another derived class called "SingersYouTubeChannel" for a YouTube channel about singing. This class also has a "practice" method, but the implementation is different from the cooking channel. Singers would practice singing, learning new songs, and even dancing.
To demonstrate polymorphism, I create instances of both the cooking and singers' YouTube channels. Then, I invoke the "practice" method on each channel. You can see that the respective implementations are called based on the channel type. Additionally, I introduce a "contentQuality" property to track the quality of the content. Every time the "practice" method is invoked, the content quality increases. I also add a method called "checkAnalytics" that checks the content quality rating and outputs a message based on the rating.
To showcase polymorphism further, I use pointers to the base class to point to objects of derived classes. I assign the addresses of the cooking and singers' YouTube channels to these pointers. Using these pointers, I invoke the "checkAnalytics" method for each channel, demonstrating that polymorphism allows us to use base class pointers to call derived class methods.
I hope you found this video enjoyable. If you did, please give it a thumbs up and consider subscribing to my channel. Don't forget to click the bell icon to receive notifications for future videos. Thank you, and see you in my next video. Bye!
Relationship between Virtual Functions, Pure Virtual Functions and Abstract Classes in OOP explained
Relationship between Virtual Functions, Pure Virtual Functions and Abstract Classes in OOP explained
In this video, I will explain the purpose and relationship between virtual functions, pure virtual functions, and abstract classes. I'm excited to continue this object-oriented programming playlist. If you have any questions or topics you'd like to see in future videos, please leave a comment below. Now, let's dive into virtual functions.
A virtual function is a function defined in a base class and can be redefined in a derived class. The main purpose of virtual functions is to enable runtime polymorphism. When you invoke a virtual function using a base class pointer or reference, the most derived version of that function will be executed. If the derived class has its own implementation, that version will be executed. Otherwise, the implementation in the base class will be used.
Let's look at an example in Visual Studio. We'll create an "Instrument" class with a virtual function called "makeSound" that outputs a message. Then, we'll create a derived class called "Accordion" that overrides the "makeSound" function with its own implementation. By using a base class pointer to invoke the function, we can see that the derived version is executed. Adding the "virtual" keyword to the base class function ensures the most derived version is called.
Next, let's discuss pure virtual functions and abstract classes. A pure virtual function is a virtual function with no implementation in the base class. It forces derived classes to provide their own implementation. By setting a virtual function to "equal to zero," we create a pure virtual function. This makes the base class an abstract class, which cannot be instantiated. Derived classes must implement the pure virtual function. We'll create a "Piano" class derived from the "Instrument" class. If we try to create an object of type "Piano" without implementing the pure virtual function, it will result in an error. However, once we implement the function in the "Piano" class, we can successfully create an object and invoke the function.
Finally, let's explore the polymorphic behavior of virtual functions. We have two instrument pointers, one pointing to an "Accordion" object and the other to a "Piano" object. By creating an array of instrument pointers, we can demonstrate that invoking the "makeSound" function using the base class pointers results in the execution of the derived versions of the function.
I hope this explanation helps you understand virtual functions, pure virtual functions, and abstract classes better. If you have any further questions, please let me know in the comments below. Thank you for watching, and don't forget to subscribe!
Abstraction explained with real-life examples and code! - C++ OOP Course
Abstraction explained with real-life examples and code! - C++ OOP Course
In this video, I will discuss the important concept of abstraction in object-oriented programming. I'll explain what abstraction is and demonstrate how to implement and use abstraction in C++ programming. But before we dive in, I'd like to introduce C++ Builder, a powerful IDE that enables fast app development for multiple platforms with less code. It seamlessly connects to various databases and includes powerful libraries like VCL and FireMonkey frameworks. Start for free using the link in the description.
Abstraction in programming refers to the act of displaying important information while hiding complex and unimportant details. To better understand abstraction, let's consider a real-life example: a coffee machine. When using a coffee machine, all you need to know is how to put in coffee and water, and press a button to make coffee. The internal process of the machine is complex, but it is abstracted and hidden behind a simple procedure. This abstraction makes it easy for users to operate the machine without understanding its intricate workings. Similarly, in programming, we use abstraction to hide complex details and provide a simplified interface.
Another key aspect of abstraction is that the abstracted elements do not frequently change, or at least they don't appear to change for the end user. This means that you can modify the internal implementation, as long as you don't change the interface exposed to the user. For instance, if a new company develops a more efficient coffee machine, they can change the internal components to reduce energy consumption, make coffee faster, and reduce noise. As long as the user still needs to put in coffee and water, and press the button, the interface remains the same, and the user doesn't need to learn a new way to operate the machine. This standardization of behavior through abstraction allows new companies to build upon existing user expectations.
In programming, we can create abstraction layers to hide complex details and provide a simplified interface for other developers. For example, if I create a class with various complex functionalities, I can provide an abstraction layer that hides the underlying complexity. Other developers can then utilize the simple interface of the class without needing to know the implementation details. In C++, we achieve abstraction using abstract classes, which contain at least one pure virtual function. These abstract classes define the contract or interface that other classes must implement.
Let's create an abstract class called "Smartphone" to illustrate this. It will declare a public function called "Take a selfie," which serves as an important functionality that all smartphones should have. By making this function a pure virtual function using the "= 0" syntax, we transform the class into an abstract class. We cannot create instances of abstract classes directly, but we can create pointers to them. Any class that wants to be a smartphone must inherit from this abstract class and provide its own implementation of the pure virtual function.
For instance, let's create an "Android" class that inherits from the "Smartphone" class. In this class, we implement the "Take a selfie" function with the complex logic specific to Android devices. Similarly, we can create an "iPhone" class that also inherits from "Smartphone" and provides its own implementation of the "Take a selfie" function. Each class can have its own unique implementation, but from the perspective of someone using the smartphone, the process remains the same.
The abstraction achieved through the "Smartphone" class allows developers working on Android or iPhone classes to focus on their specific implementation details without needing to know about the other class's logic. They only need to adhere to the contract defined by the abstract class, ensuring that the required functionalities are implemented. By using abstraction, we create a separation of concerns, simplify code usage, and facilitate modular development. Abstraction allows us to create standardized interfaces and hide complex implementations, resulting in more maintain.
Abstraction allows us to create standardized interfaces and hide complex implementations, resulting in more maintainable and flexible code. It promotes code reuse and modular development by encapsulating functionality into abstract classes that can be extended and implemented by other classes. In addition to abstract classes, C++ also provides another mechanism for abstraction called interfaces. Interfaces are purely abstract classes that define a contract of methods that must be implemented by any class that wants to adhere to the interface. This allows for even greater abstraction and loose coupling between components.
To summarize, abstraction in object-oriented programming is the process of hiding complex details and providing a simplified interface. It allows developers to focus on specific implementations while abstracting away the underlying complexity. Abstract classes and interfaces are the primary tools for achieving abstraction in C++. By using abstraction, we can create more modular, reusable, and maintainable code.
C++ Operator Overloading beginner to advanced (in-depth explanation)
C++ Operator Overloading beginner to advanced (in-depth explanation)
Hello everyone and welcome to my channel. I was in the middle of my work and hadn't planned to film this video, but since I'm working on a very interesting project, I thought why not show you? I'm currently working on a large project with thousands of files and millions of lines of code. I was about to analyze my code, which usually takes 10 to 15 minutes to complete. So, while we wait for the analysis, I'll teach you about operator overloading.
The analyzer I use is called PDS Studio, and you can get it for free using the link in the description. I'll show you how I use PDS Studio to find bugs and optimize my code. Once you download PDS Studio, you need some code to analyze. I have the solution from my work, but I can't show you the code due to a non-disclosure agreement. However, I'll show you the results of the analysis later in the video.
To analyze your code using PDS Studio, you need to click on the Extensions tab and select PDS Studio. Then, choose the entire solution for analysis. Since the analysis takes some time, I'll switch to an empty project and teach you about operator overloading in the meantime.
Operator overloading allows us to define how a certain operator behaves with a specific data type. For example, the plus operator behaves differently when used with numbers compared to when used with a user-defined data type. We can create operator functions to define this behavior. I'll explain this concept using an example of adding two user-defined data types.
In C++, we can create operator functions by using the "operator" keyword followed by the operator we want to overload. For instance, we can overload the plus operator by creating an "operator+" function. I'll demonstrate this by creating a structure called "YouTubeChannel" with two attributes: "name" and "subscribersCount". We'll also create a constructor for this structure.
To overload the insertion operator (<<) for our YouTubeChannel type, we need to define an "operator<<" function. This function takes two parameters: an object of type "ostream" (e.g., "cout") and an object of type "YouTubeChannel". We pass these parameters by reference to avoid unnecessary copying.
Inside the "operator<<" function, we use the "ostream" object to output the information about the YouTubeChannel. In this case, we print the name and subscribers count. By overloading the insertion operator, we enable printing YouTubeChannel objects using the "cout" command.
To use the overloaded insertion operator, we can simply write "cout << youtubeChannelObject". This works similar to how we print other types using "cout". We can also invoke the operator function directly, like a regular function, by passing the "cout" object and the YouTubeChannel object as parameters.
Keep in mind that different operators have different ways of overloading. The insertion operator is overloaded using the "operator<<" function, but other operators like plus, minus, greater than, less than, equal to, etc., have their own specific operator functions.
That's it for this video. I hope you found this introduction to operator overloading helpful. Check the description for a list of all the operators that can be overloaded in C++. Once the analysis is complete, I'll show you the results. If you have any questions, feel free to ask in the comments. Thank you for watching!